Bioinoculants: Biological Option for Mitigating global Climate Change by Surender Singh & Radha Prasanna & Kumar Pranaw

Author:Surender Singh & Radha Prasanna & Kumar Pranaw
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9789819929733
Publisher: Springer Nature Singapore

In dry and semiarid regions, drought is obviously one of the crucial abiotic stresses affecting the growth and yield of many crops (Jabborova et al. 2021). Recent studies showed that rhizobium inoculation can ameliorate the effects of salt stress on host plants. Indeed, salt-responsive changes in gene expression in the host legume Medicago sativa (alfalfa) can be reduced by rhizobium inoculation (Chakraborty et al. 2021). A study on proteomic changes in alfalfa plants grown under salinity stress suggested that the symbiotic relationship between S. meliloti and alfalfa can give the host plant a better capacity to adjust key processes in presence of salinity stress, leading to more efficient use of energy and resources, oxidative stress tolerance, ion homeostasis, and health (Y. Wang et al. 2022).

Moving forward to just the use of rhizobia, considering the whole panoply of microbes, which positively affect plant growth and tolerance, recent efforts are put into the development of consortia of microbes. The exploitation of the genetic and functional diversity of beneficial microorganisms allows for the rationally formulate of consortia including plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) to enhance plants stress tolerance (Vaccaro et al. 2022). A recent study revealed that inoculation with rhizobium/PGPB consortia and AMF/PGPB consortia was more efficient in stimulating shoot biomass growth of Lathyrus cicera (Gritli et al. 2022) than the single bacterial or fungal strain. In another study, soybean plants inoculated with Rhizobium sp. SL42, Hydrogenophaga sp. SL48, and Bradyrhizobium japonicum 532C showed a triggering of multiple signaling pathways regulating growth and stress tolerance mechanisms, coupled with better growth and salinity tolerance (Ilangumaran et al. 2022). Co-inoculation of B. japonicum USDA 110 and P. putida strain NUU 8 significantly improved the seed germination, root length, shoot length, root dry weight, shoot dry weight, and nodule number under drought stress (Jabborova et al. 2021).

Not only plants are subjected to abiotic stresses, but in the era of climate change, the incidence of pests and pathogens on plants has amplified, thus requesting an effort to new management strategies (Tyagi et al. 2022). In plants, typical biotic stresses are bacteria, viruses, fungi, nematodes, insects, spiders, and weeds. They take nutrients away from their host, reduce vigor, and cause host death in severe cases, leading to pre-and post-harvest yield losses all over the globe (Kumar and Nautiyal 2022).

The synergistic effects of co-inoculations, briefly pointed out in the previously reported studies, can be also appreciated in plant protection against soilborne pathogens. Co-inoculation of Bradyrhizobium sp. BXYD3 and Glomus mosseae, an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, could decrease soybean red crown rot caused by a soilborne fungal pathogen Cylindrocladium parasiticum, through the inhibition of pathogen growth and reproduction, and increase the expression of some plant pathogen defense-related (PR) gene. Interestingly, the synergistic effect was stronger at a low phosphorus level, suggesting that bioinoculants formulated with multiple plant growth-promoting bacteria and fungi, together with nutrient management, should be considered as an efficient method to control plant diseases in sustainable soybean production (X. Gao et al.

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